BIMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2536-6041)

Characterization of Subnormal Operators in C*-algebra

Nzitiri Hyelasinda — 2024-09-30

The study investigates subnormal operators in C*-algebras, addressing unresolved challenges in their characterization. This research aims to provide a clear algebraic framework for subnormal operators, utilizing matrix representations to explain their properties of normality, subnormality, self-adjointness, and isometry. The specific objectives include stating the algebraic characterization of subnormal operators, offering concise characterizations of C*-algebra elements, and establishing results from operator theory that highlight the invertibility and other critical properties of these elements. Grounded on Muhly and Solel, Rørdam and Williams theorem, the methodology involves a theoretical analysis of subnormal operators in Hilbert spaces and their relationships with C*-algebras. The research findings successfully achieve the set objectives, presenting a detailed algebraic characterization of subnormal operators and elucidating their role within C*-algebras. The conditions for subnormality were effectively applied, improving the understanding of the structure and dynamics of these algebras.

Moufang Loop of Odd Order pq4r3 and Associator Subloop of Odd Order r2

Emmanuel Joel — 2024-09-30

Under the condition that , with , where and are distinct odd primes, Moufang loops of order ⁴³ has been shown to be associative (Rajah & Ademola, 2017). In this paper, we searched through the unique characteristics of Moufang loop of odd order ⁴³ and it's associator subloop of odd order ² under the conditions that and be odd primes with and . This paper has also shown that Moufang Loop of odd order ⁴³cannot have an associator subloop of odd order .

Assessment of Proximate and Mineral Composition of Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum linn) Grown in Kashere

T. S. Tyohemba — 2024-09-30

This research paper employs standard procedures to analyse the proximate and mineral composition of Sesamum indicum seeds grown in Kashere. Proximate analysis results revealed moisture content of 6.89±0.014%, total ash of 5.79±0.021%, crude fibre of 6.69±0.021%, crude protein of 18.43±0.11% and carbohydrate of 19.72±0.16%. The mineral analysis showed that Sesamum indicum seeds grown in Kashere contain significant amounts of sodium (29.50±0.707 mg/100g), potassium (113.55±0.495 mg/100g), calcium (249.80±0.424 mg/100g), magnesium (2.98±0.035 mg/100g), and iron (2.88±0.035 mg/100g). Therefore, these seeds can be considered a excellent source of essential nutrients, minerals, and crude fibre. The significant amounts of crude protein and carbohydrate make them a valuable source of nutrition for humans and animals, and their total ash and crude fibre content suggest potential as an ingredient in the food industry. The significant presence of vital minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, found in Sesamum indicum seeds grown in Kashere can help improve bone health. The study's results provide valuable information concerning the nutritional value of sesame seeds. These findings can support the supplementary use of sesame seeds in human and animal nutrition as well as their inclusion in the food industry.

A Review of Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems: Enhancing Security and Transparency

Muhammed Kabir Ahmed — 2024-09-30

The concept of e-voting, which is to eliminates the need for manual paper ballots is gaining traction, particularly in large-scale implementations where security and reliability are crucial. Blockchain technology, recognized for its transformative impact across various industries, is increasingly being considered for its potential to enhance electoral systems through e-voting. This study aims to review the potential of blockchain technology in transforming e-voting systems, examines the prospects of blockchain-based e-voting systems, highlighting how blockchain's core attributes; decentralization, immutability, and cryptographic security could address the significant challenges of traditional voting methods. By analyzing case studies, the advantages of blockchain in e-voting, and the various challenges involved, the work presents a roadmap for the adoption of blockchain-based e-voting as a means to strengthen democratic processes by enhancing transparency, security, and inclusivity.

Analyzing Covid-19 Infection Patterns in Nigeria's Geopolitical Zones: A Comparative Study Using Count Distribution Models

Abdulkadir, Muhammed Bello — 2024-09-30

Count data regression is a commonly employed technique in various fields, particularly within the health sector, where precise model selection depends on the characteristics of the response variable. While continuous response variables are typical in regression analyses, significant attention has been devoted to modeling discrete variables. Notably, existing literature has underscored the potential spatial variance in COVID-19 incidence counts within Nigeria. Numerous scholars have explored alternative estimation methods for COVID-19 cases, motivating this study to investigate frequency disparities among different regions in Nigeria. The primary aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of COVID-19 infection cases and identify the optimal model for characterizing infection case prevalence across geographical zones in Nigeria. To achieve this, five statistical models were assessed: Poisson, Negative Binomial, Generalized Poisson, Zero-Inflated Poisson, and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) distributions. Model selection criteria, including AIC, P-values, and Chi-square values, were employed for each infection case in every zone. Both ZINB and Negative Binomial models consistently address over-dispersion. However, ZINB, by accounting for excessive zeros, emerges as the optimal choice, providing accurate insights into pandemic dynamics across diverse regions in Nigeria. These findings offer actionable guidance for combating COVID-19, with ZINB models consistently demonstrating effectiveness in representing infection data across Nigeria's various regions, effectively managing over-dispersion and excess zeros.

Aquaponics Aquaculture System as the Most Efficient, Sustainable and Green Aquaculture System: A Review

Abbati, Mohammed Alhaji — 2024-09-30

Aquaculture in Nigeria has witnessed significant growth and development in recent years, contributing to food security, employment, and economic growth in the country. Aquaponics aquaculture system involves simultaneous used of both hydroponics and fish rearing forms of aquaculture system. Therefore, the end product of this system provides more organic plants and fish species in a manageable environmental condition without affecting the survival, growth and reproduction of other species that are not part of the system. This review aimed at highlighting the efficiency, sustainability and ecologically friendly of aquaponics aquaculture system. Finally, it is reviewed that these systems offer several advantages over conventional farming methods, including efficient nutrient recycling, reduced water usage, and lower environmental impacts. This farming system is devoid of pest and diseases that may likely affect the fish and plant species, it also helps in water conservation, performance increases, stability of food, minimal ecosystem pollution and production at all season. Despite its important and valuable in improving the aquaculture system, it attracts challenges that render it undesirable for all. In Nigeria for example the acceptability of aquaponics system will be limited due to the cost of start- up capital and inadequate technical know-how among our rural community members, Furthermore, It is of paramount important to provide a synergy where local people can access resources for the continued existence of this environmentally friendly system.

Prevalence of Geohelminth Eggs Associated with Selected Fruits and Vegetables in Gombe Metropolis

Musa, Ahmad Magaji — 2024-09-30

This study was conducted to determine prevalence of geohelminths eggs associated with selected fruits and vegetables in Gombe metropolis. A cross sectional study was carried out with a total of 400 fruit and vegetable samples was collected within two periods between March-April 2020 and August-September 2020. Floatation techniques was used to recover the Nematode and Cestode eggs and were identified based on their morphological characteristics using atlas of Medical Helminthology and Protozoology. Four helminth species were discovered; Ancylostoma duodenale, Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides, Ova of Trichuris Trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis. Gombe main market has the highest prevalence of geohelminth eggs on fruits and vegetables while least prevalence of geohelminth eggs was recorded in Gabukka market However, dry season have the lowest prevalence than the raining season. This research recommends periodic de-worming of all individuals consuming fruits and vegetables at a regular intervals and consumers of such fruits and vegetable should always wash with vinegar and salt before consumption respectively. All vendors of fruits and vegetables should be educated on the risk associated with contamination of geohelminth eggs and improvement of sanitary facilities and promoting safe disposal of waste is strongly emphasized.

Determination of the Optical Properties of Cobalt Oxide Using Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy

Ahmed Hashim Ahmed Elsammani — 2024-09-30

This study explores the optical properties of cobalt oxide using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, crucial for applications in optical reagents, solar cells, and related technologies. Five samples with varying molarities (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 M) of cobalt oxide were prepared via the Sol-Gel technique. Optical characteristics including absorption, reflection, refraction, transmission, absorption coefficient, and energy gap were analyzed using a Shimadzu 1240 scanning spectrophotometer at room temperature over a wavelength range of 273 to 585 nm. Key findings include a maximum absorbance of 1.02 within 273 to 351 nm, transmission value of 28% at 312 nm, and reflection value of 0.113 from 272 to 351 nm. The absorption coefficient peaked at 4.52 × 10³ within 273 to 351 nm, and the energy gap was determined as 3.782 eV at 368 nm, consistent with the expected range for conductor oxides (3.0 - 4.0 eV) within the wavelength range of 300 to 400 nm. The study reveals that increasing cobalt oxide concentrations, increases absorption and absorption coefficient and decreases reducing reflectance and energy gap. This research recommends further investigation using different concentrations of cobalt oxide and suggests employing alternative methods and devices for validating these optical property determinations on the same samples.

Current Trends In Antimalarial Drug Resistance In Nigeria: A Mini Review

Rita Ayanbolade Olowe — 2024-09-30

The study aimed to review the current trend in antimalarial drug resistance in Nigeria. Methods: We developed and conducted an exhaustive search strategy on PubMed, online Search Engines, and Google Scholar to find scientific articles reporting antimalarial drug resistance in Nigeria. The highest global malaria burden is in Nigeria, a nation with significant antimalarial drug resistance. This paper examines the most recent advancements, challenges, and prospects for addressing the urgent issue of antimalarial drug resistance in Nigeria. The primary objective of this work is to investigate the emergence and spread of resistance to antimalarial drugs, specifically artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Furthermore, it examines the factors that lead to this resistance, including medication pressure, vector resistance, and health system issues. According to the research, practical measures to address malaria medicine resistance include public health education campaigns, robust monitoring and surveillance systems, and regular reassessment of drug policy.

Moreover, the report explores prospective areas of concentration for future research, such as developing novel antimalarial medications, exploring alternative treatment modalities, and strengthening collaborations on an international level. According to the findings of this review, policymakers, healthcare professionals, researchers, and communities in Nigeria must collaborate in a comprehensive and empirically supported approach to address the issue of antimalarial drug resistance. In order to maintain the efficacy of antimalarial drugs and prevent the development of resistance, urgent action is necessary to address malaria in Nigeria and globally.

The Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Managing Post Harvest Losses in Tomato Production in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Abubakar Mohammed Aliyu — 2024-09-30

In Nigeria today, particularly in Adamawa State, tomato production continuously faces
significant challenges of post-harvest losses, affecting the farmers and tomato sellers and the
consumer. This study explores how Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can
effectively manage these losses. Through utilizing ICT tools and technologies such as weather
forecasting applications, real-time market information, and other ICT aided processing and
storage techniques, farmers can make informed decisions throughout the production and
distribution process. These technologies empower farmers to adopt best practices in handling
their produce, improve storage conditions, and access timely market information, thereby
reducing losses and increasing profitability. However, challenges such as access to technology,
infrastructure, and digital literacy remain critical barriers. Addressing these issues is essential
for maximizing the potential of ICT in transforming tomato production in Adamawa State, to
ensure a sustainable agricultural practices and economic growth in the Adamawa and Nigeria
as a whole.

Phytochemical Screening and Nutritional Analysis of Five Common Edible Leafy Vegetables in Southwestern Nigeria

Matthew David Ezema — 2024-09-30

In tropical countries, leafy vegetables are traditionally cooked and eaten as a relish together with starchy staple food. This study examined the nutritional compositions and phytochemicals of Amaranthus hybridus (‘Efo tete’), Solanum nigrum (‘Odu’), Solanecio biafrae (‘Worowo’), Telfairia occidentalis (‘Ugu’), and Corchorus olitorius (‘Ewedu’), mostly grown in western Nigeria and used in preparing staple indigenous recipes. Kjehdal method and HPLC were used for proximate composition, amino acid, vitamins and mineral analysis while alkaloids, quinones, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatannins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and anthocyanides screening was carried out using standard methods. Results showed significant total soluble carbohydrates in all the leaves, with Solanum nigrum having the highest value (55.90 ± 0.10). Protein and crude fibre contents are highest in Corchorus olitorius leaves (31.85 ±0.02 and 36.02 ± 0.01 respectively) while fat and ash contents were highest in Solanum nigrum leaves (5.71± 0.01) and Telfairia occidentis (23.00±0.00), respectively. Essential amino acids such as Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine and Histidine were observed in appreciable values. The leaves contain a high amount of vitamin A (≥1714.70) while vitamin E and vitamin B3 are more significant in Telfairia occidentis and Corchorus olitorius, respectively. All the vegetables contain macronutrients, especially phosphorus and the above listed phytochemicals , suggesting their antioxidant potentials. The results provided evidence of the potential of these vegetables to improve nutritional and health status.

Comparative Assessment of Lycopene and Some Vitamins and Mineral Composition of Ripe and Unripe Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) Sold in Kashere

T. S. Tyohemba — 2024-09-30

Solanum lycopersicum, or tomato, is a widely eaten vegetable because of its high levels of
essential nutrients and antioxidant plant compounds. This study analysed the phytochemicals,
vitamins, and mineral composition of ripe and unripe tomatoes available in Kashere using
standard analytical methods. The analysis of ripe tomatoes revealed significantly (P<0.05)
higher amounts of lycopene (153.550 ± 18.031 mg/100g), vitamin C (40.830 ± 0.948
mg/100g), vitamin E (0.4717 ± 0.009 mg/100g), Fe (0.0043 ± 0.00 mg/kg), Zn (0.087 ± 0.001
mg/kg), and Cu (0.001 ± 0.00 mg/kg) present. The lycopene (32 ± 0.001mg/kg) content of ripe
tomatoes was higher compared to unripe tomatoes, which had lesser amounts of lycopene
(85.655 ± 10.510 mg/100g), vitamin C (11.835 ± 0.248mg /100g), vitamin E (0.162 ±
0.000mg//100g), Fe (0.003 ± 0.000mg/kg), Zn (0.051 ± 0.001mg/kg), and Cu (0.018 ±
0.001mg/kg). However, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in the vitamin A content of
unripe tomatoes (0.082 ±0.000mg /100g), which was higher compared to ripe tomatoes (0.029
± 0.009mg/100g). The findings indicate that the ripening process enhances the nutrient and
phytochemical content of tomatoes, with a particular increase in phytochemicals, minerals, and
vitamins. Consequently, the consumption of ripe tomatoes could be advantageous to human
health, as they offer a higher concentration of minerals and nutrients.

Microbial Contamination of Mobile Phones Amongst Pharmacy Students in Gombe State University

Otegwu T. C., — 2024-09-30

Mobile phones are becoming a necessary component of everyday life and are frequently taken into various places where they may harbor harmful bacteria. Studies have indicated that cell phones act as harbors for a variety of microbes. This investigation examined the bacterial contamination on phones of GSU's Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Nigeria 200level pharmacy students. A random sample of one hundred (100) student mobile phones were utilized to collect demographic data and other pertinent data using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data indicates that 80% of students share their phones, 81% do not clean them every day, 73% use microfiber cloths, 13% wash their hands before using them, 11% use hand sanitizers before using them, and 24% use their phones while using the restroom. Standard microbiological techniques were used to analyze the samples, and isolates were obtained by swabbing them on differential agar surfaces. We isolated three different types of microorganisms: 63% gram-negative bacteria strains, 39% Staphylococcus aureus, and 1% Aspergillus niger. Antibiotics susceptibility testing conducted on the isolates obtained shows that majority of them are resistant to antibiotics. The findings also indicate that male students' mobile phones have a higher level of contamination than those of female students.

Geochemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Mine Wastes from Gadaeregi Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Area, North-Central Nigeria: Implications on Human Health

Nuhu Musa Waziri — 2024-09-30

The chemical and mineralogical characteristics of wastes from artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in the Gadaeregi area, Nigeria were assessed to determine their potential human health risks. Mine wastes were sampled and subjected to X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analyses to enable us assess the human health risk. The results show albite, quartz, actinolite, dolomite and annite as the major phases in the wastes. Fe, Si and Ti are present at concentrations above the upper crustal abundances; while Al, Na, K and Ca are depleted. The wastes are enriched in nine trace elements (Ni, Cu, Ga, V, Cr, Ce, As, Pb and W) and depleted in five others (Ba, Rb, Y, Zr and Nb). Cr, As and Pb are the most dosed trace elements in these wastes for both children and adults for the two exposure scenarios. While all three elements have HQi values of > 1 for children in the ingestion model, only As has a value of > 1 for adults. The inhalation route does not appear to have any potential health effects for both children and adults. The overall hazard index reveals that both children and adults may be vulnerable to adverse non-cancer health effects. However, children appear to be several orders of magnitude more vulnerable, because of their low body weights and hand-to-mouth habits. These data have shown that ASGM wastes have the potential to cause harmful health effects in populations within mining communities. Therefore, characterisation and proper management of these wastes are necessary to ensure sustainable mining.

Effectiveness of Chemical Scarification Methods on the Early Germination of Different Varieties of Date Palm in Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria

Magaji G. Usman — 2024-09-30

Date palm is one of the most important trees in semi-arid and dry areas of the world. Dates are rich in carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, they have immense importance as a healthy food as well as a desert fruit. The fruit contains fructose and glucose as the major sugar components which make it an important source of sugar to persons who cannot tolerate sucrose. The tree provides food, fuel, shelter and is used in manufacturing of different handicrafts. The primary cause of datepalm seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) dormancy is its hard seed coat structure, which makes it difficult for the seed to absorb water during germination. This study aimed to examine the effect of chemical scarification treatments which could effectively enhance and reduce datepalm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) number of days to seed germination in Kashere, Gombe State. The experiment consisted of ten different varieties of datepalm sourced from Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, Jigawa State and two chemical treatments (H₂SO₄ and NaOH) together with a control (water) laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design in two replications. It was significantly observed that the varieties differ in their rate of germination with Shiwarin (25.83 days) germinating earlier than the other varieties studied. Similarly, chemical treatment was found effective in promoting germination rate and germination percentage of the studied datepalm varieties. Furthermore, the varieties were categorized based on the number of days to germination and germination percentage with Galamawa and Shiwarin varieties showing potential for early germination and high germination percentage. According to the findings reported here, date palm seed exhibited exogenous dormancy that is entirely enforced by the hard seed coat. Chemical scarification is a viable method that can enhance early germination of date palm seeds.

Effects of Flood Irrigation System on Abundance And Biodiversity of Soil Arthropods on Maize and Rice Farms in Gadau District, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Taofeeq Awwal Abiola — 2024-09-30

The human induced changes in the agricultural land (i.e., irrigation methods, tillage practices and land use changes) have profound impacts on the diversity and abundance of arthropods. Arthropods maintain soil ecosystem in variety of ways like breaking down the plant debris and dispersion of microorganisms. The present study was carried out to assess the effect of flood irrigation on the abundance and diversity of soil arthropods at two different randomly selected farms (maize and Rice farm) at Gadau, Itas/Gadau LGA, Bauchi state. Ten (10) pitfall traps fifteen (15) feet away was inserted in each farm for collection of soil arthropods. The arthropods were counted after seven two hours of installation and were taken to the laboratory for identification using physiological method. More also, the abundance of the arthropods was determined using Simpson index while their diversity was analyzed by Shannon-wiener index. The species abundance of soil arthropods were slightly higher in the old flood irrigation farm than the new flood irrigation farm. Hymenoptera formicidae constituted the highest and major proportion while others were detected in a low proportion in this decreasing order: spider, grasshopper and beetle. Although the richest soil arthropod was found in the newly constructed flood irrigation farm, this indicates that the soil arthropods diversity was not affected by the age of flood irrigation farm. Therefore, keeping in view the proven economic and easy irrigation with low energy input, the flood irrigation system can be adopted without harming soil arthropods diversity.

Review on the Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS)

Farida Sulaiman — 2024-09-30

In today's world, the rapid advancement of Information Technology has resulted in a large number of people accessing the internet globally. The COVID-19 pandemic has further sped up this trend, leading organizations and individuals to move towards online platforms for their daily activities and businesses. Consequently, these online activities have led to various cyber threats for users and networks. The paper analyzed the recent evaluation of Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) techniques, such as machine learning models like decision trees, support vector machines, logistic regression, and others, that have been effective in spotting cyber threats, but their effectiveness decreases when dealing with extensive and high-dimensional data. Deep learning models have demonstrated impressive performance in handling extensive and complex datasets. Moreover, ensembles and hybrid models have displayed potential for improved performance compared to stand-alone ML and DL techniques. The paper also included an analysis of commonly utilized datasets for NIDS, such as NSL-KDD, KDD CUP-99, and CICIDS 2017. These datasets are highly important for researchers, organizations, and institutions for further evaluation of NIDS models. Future research efforts could concentrate on addressing existing limitations within NIDS, utilizing advancements in ML, DL, and ensemble techniques to enhance detection capabilities and strengthen network defenses against evolving cyber threats.

A Negative Binomial- Garch Model with Application to Meningitis Cases in Nigeria

Oguntade E.S. — 2024-09-30

Meningitis, a contagious tropical disease, disproportionately affects low-income populations with limited access to quality medical care. While previous studies have explored various methodologies for modeling meningitis cases, the issue of overdispersion remains inadequately addressed. This study applies a Negative Binomial integer GARCH model to meningitis data collected weekly from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control between 2006 and 2021. Initial analysis revealed overdispersion in the data, justifying the use of a negative binomial GARCH model. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test confirmed stationarity in the dataset. After evaluating multiple models, NB-INGARCH (1,2) emerged as the optimal choice based on AIC and BIC criteria. The selected model demonstrated adequacy through probability integrated transform histograms and calibration plots. This research showcases the effectiveness of NB-INGARCH in addressing overdispersion in time series data. To mitigate meningitis cases, we recommend promoting modern housing systems with adequate ventilation and decongestion measures in densely populated areas. Additionally, a targeted health awareness campaign on meningitis is suggested.