Phytochemicals in Herbs: A Review of Commonly Consumed Herbs for Health and Disease in Northern Nigeria

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Phytochemicals are biologically active compounds found in plants, responsible for mitigating effects in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and rheumatic disorders. Northern Nigeria is rich in herbs, such as Calotropis procera, Azadirachta indica, Anogeissus leiocarpus, garlic and many more, which have been shown to possess phytochemicals with numerous medicinal properties. This review aimed to explore the phytochemicals and their mechanisms of action in commonly used herbs in Northern Nigeria. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research Gate. The review revealed that herbal supplements consumed in Northern Nigeria contain significant amounts of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-arteriosclerotic properties. A notable shift in the consumption of herbs has been observed across all socio-economic classes in Nigeria, driven by the perceived health benefits and the high cost of prescribed drugs and healthcare services. In conclusion, the need for regulatory agencies at all levels of government to ensure the safe use of herbs and minimize adverse effects is emphasized. Furthermore, increased funding for research on medicinal plants is necessary to fully explore their potential benefits.